Medication

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Assorted medications

Medication is a medicine, drug or other substance used to prevent or cure disease or to relieve pain. Medication is often used to mean the act of administering medicine. Other synonyms include pharmacotherapy, pharmacotherapeutics and clinical pharmacology.

Contents 1 Classification 2 Types of medication 2.1 For the gastrointestinal tract or digestive system 2.2 For the cardiovascular system 2.3 For the central nervous system 2.4 For pain & consciousness (analgesic drugs) 2.5 For musculo-skeletal disorders 2.6 For the eye 2.7 For the ear, nose and oropharynx 2.8 For the respiratory system 2.9 For endocrine problems 2.10 For the reproductive system or urinary system 2.11 For contraception 2.12 For obstetrics and gynecology 2.13 For the skin 2.14 For infections and infestations 2.15 For immunology 2.16 For allergic disorders 2.17 For nutrition 2.18 For neoplastic disorders 2.19 For diagnostics 2.20 For euthanasia 3 Legal Considerations 4 Other/related topics 5 Blockbuster drug 5.1 Leading blockbuster drugs 6 See also 7 References 8 External links

Classification

Medication can be usually classified in various ways, e.g. by its chemical properties, mode of administration, or biological system affected. An elaborate and widely used classification system is the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System (ATC system).

Types of medicines:

1. Antipyretics  : reducing fever
2. Analgesics  : painkillers
3. Anti-malarial drugs : treating malaria
4. Antibiotics  : inhibiting germ growth
5. Antiseptics  : prevention of germ growth near burns, cuts and wounds

Types of medication

For the gastrointestinal tract or digestive system

• Upper digestive tract: antacids, reflux suppressants, antiflatulents, antidopaminergics, proton pump inhibitors, H2-receptor antagonists, cytoprotectants, prostaglandin analogues
• Lower digestive tract: laxatives, antispasmodics, antidiarrhoeals, bile acid sequestrants, opioids

For the cardiovascular system

• General: beta-receptor blocker, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, cardiac glycosides, antiarrhythmics, nitrate, antianginals, vasoconstrictor, vasodilator, peripheral activator
• Affecting Blood pressure: ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, alpha blocker
• Coagulation: anticoagulant, heparin, antiplatelet drug, fibrinolytic, anti-hemophilic factor, haemostatic drugs
• Atherosclerosis/cholesterol agents: hypolipidaemic agents, statins.

For the central nervous system

See also: Psychiatric medication

hypnotic, anaesthetics, antipsychotic, antidepressant (including tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitor, lithium salt, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor), anti-emetic, anticonvulsant and antiepileptic, anxiolytic, barbiturate, movement disorder drug, stimulant (including amphetamines), benzodiazepine, cyclopyrrolone, dopamine antagonist, antihistamine, cholinergic, anticholinergic, emetic, cannabinoids, 5-HT antagonist

For pain & consciousness (analgesic drugs)

Further information: Analgesic

The main classes of painkillers are NSAIDs, opioids and various orphans such as paracetamol, tricyclic antidepressants and anticonvulsants.

For musculo-skeletal disorders

NSAIDs (including COX-2 selective inhibitors), muscle relaxant, neuromuscular drug
anticholinesterase

For the eye

• General: adrenergic neurone blocker, astringent, ocular lubricant
• Diagnostic: topical anesthetics, sympathomimetics, parasympatholytics, mydriatics, cycloplegics
• Anti-bacterial: antibiotics, topical antibiotics, sulfa drugs, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones
• Anti-viral:
• Anti-fungal: imidazoles, polyenes
• Anti-inflammatory: NSAIDs, corticosteroids
• Anti-allergy: mast cell inhibitors
• Anti-glaucoma: adrenergic agonists, beta-blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors/hyperosmotics, cholinergics, miotics, parasympathomimetics, prostaglandin agonists/prostaglandin inhibitors. nitroglycerin

For the ear, nose and oropharynx

sympathomimetic, antihistamine, anticholinergic, NSAIDs, steroid, antiseptic, local anesthetic, antifungal, cerumenolyti

For the respiratory system

bronchodilator, NSAIDs, anti-allergic, antitussive, mucolytic, decongestant
corticosteroid, beta-receptor antagonist, anticholinergic, steroid

For endocrine problems

androgen, antiandrogen, gonadotropin, corticosteroid, growth hormone, insulin, antidiabetic (sulfonylurea, biguanide/metformin, thiazolidinedione, insulin), thyroid hormones, antithyroid drugs, calcitonin, diphosponate, vasopressin analogues

For the reproductive system or urinary system

antifungal, alkalising agent, quinolones, antibiotic, cholinergic, anticholinergic, anticholinesterase, antispasmodic, 5-alpha reductase inhibitor, selective alpha-1 blocker, sildenafil, fertility medication

For contraception

• Hormonal contraception
• Ormeloxifene
• Spermicide

For obstetrics and gynecology

NSAIDs, anticholinergic, haemostatic drug, antifibrinolytic, Hormone Replacement Therapy, bone regulator, beta-receptor agonist, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinising hormone, LHRH
gamolenic acid, gonadotropin release inhibitor, progestogen, dopamine agonist, oestrogen, prostaglandin, gonadorelin, clomiphene, tamoxifen, Diethylstilbestrol

For the skin

emollient, anti-pruritic, antifungal, disinfectant, scabicide, pediculicide, tar products, vitamin A derivatives, vitamin D analogue, keratolytic, abrasive, systemic antibiotic, topical antibiotic, hormones, desloughing agent, exudate absorbent, fibrinolytic, proteolytic, sunscreen, antiperspirant, corticosteroid

For infections and infestations

antibiotic, antifungal, antileprotic, antituberculous drug, antimalarial, anthelmintic, amoebicide, antiviral, antiprotozoal

For immunology

vaccine, immunoglobulin, immunosuppressant, interferon, monoclonal antibody

For allergic disorders

anti-allergic, antihistamine, NSAIDs

For nutrition

tonic, iron preparation, electrolyte, parenteral nutritional supplement, vitamins, anti-obesity drug, anabolic drug, haematopoietic drug, food product drug

For neoplastic disorders

cytotoxic drug, sex hormones, aromatase inhibitor, somatostatin inhibitor, recombinant interleukins, G-CSF, erythropoietin

For diagnostics

contrast media

For euthanasia

A euthanaticum is used for euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide, see also barbiturates.

Euthanasia is not permitted by law in many countries, and consequently medicines will not be licenesed for this use in those countries.

Legal Considerations

Medications may be divided into over-the-counter drugs (OTC) which may be available without special restrictions, and prescription only medicine (POM), which must be prescribed by a licensed medical practitioner. The precise distinction between OTC and prescription depends on the legal jurisdiction.

The International Narcotics Control Board of the United Nations imposes a world law of prohibition of certain medications. They publish a lengthy list of chemicals and plants whose trade and consumption (where applicable) is forbidden. OTC medications are sold without restriction as they are considered safe enough that most people will not hurt themselves accidentally by taking it as instructed. Many countries, such as the United Kingdom have a third category of pharmacy medicines which can only be sold in registered pharmacies, by or under the supervision of a pharmacist.

Other/related topics

Polypharmacy: suggests that multiple use of prescribed and non-prescribed medications, (use of 5 or more), can have adverse effects on the recipient.

Zoopharmacognosy: Animal usage of drugs and non-foods.

Blockbuster drug

A blockbuster drug is a drug generating more than $1 billion of revenue for its owner each year. The search for blockbusters has been the foundation of the R&D strategy adopted by big pharmaceutical companies, but this looks set to change. New advances in genomics, and the promise of personalized medicine, are likely to fragment the pharmaceutical market.

A recent report from Urch Publishing estimated that about one third of the pharma market by value is accounted for by blockbusters. About 100 products are blockbusters. The top seller was Lipitor a cholesterol-lowering medication marketed by Pfizer with sales of $12.2 billion.

Leading blockbuster drugs

Medication	Trade name	Company	SalesPharmaceutical Market Trends, 2006-2010, from Urch Publishing [1] Blockbuster Drugs 2006: Executive Overview, from Report Buyer[2] (billion $), year
atorvastatin	Lipitor	Pfizer	5.9 <
clopidogrel	Plavix	Bristol-Myers Squibb and sanofi-aventis	5.9 2005
enoxaparin	Lovenox or Clexane	sanofi-aventis
celecoxib	Celebrex	Pfizer	2.3 2007
omeprazole	Losec/Prilosec	AstraZeneca	2.6 2004
esomeprazole	Nexium	AstraZeneca	3.3 2003
Fexofenadine	Telfast/Allegra	Aventis	1.87 2004
quetiapine	Seroquel	AstraZeneca	1.5 2003
metoprolol	Seloken/Toprol	AstraZeneca	1.3 2003
budesonide	Pulmicort/Rhinocort	AstraZeneca	1.3 2003 (plus some fraction of the $0.6bn sales of Symbicort)

See also

• List of drugs

• Compliance
• Herbalism
• Medical prescription
• Medicinal chemistry
• Medicine
• Nocebo
• Patient safety
• Pharmaceutical company
• Pharmacology
• Placebo
• Use of biotechnology in pharmaceutical manufacturing
• Vaccine

References

External links

The external links in this article may not comply with Wikipedia\'s content policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links.

• WHO Model List of Essential Medicines
• Database of registered pharmaceuticals in Hong Kong
• Consumer drug information from the FDA
• Innovation\'s list of important pharmaceutical discoverers since 1987
• Medicine at the Open Directory Project
• IPHA Medicines Compendium
• www.medicines.org.uk Up-to-date medicines information from the pharmaceutical industry and other sources
• The Pharma Guide of Pakistan
• World Pharma News

v • d • e Major Drug Groups
Gastrointestinal tract (A)	Antacids • Antiemetics  • H2 antagonists • Proton pump inhibitors • Laxatives • Antidiarrhoeals
Blood and blood forming organs (B)	Anticoagulants • Antiplatelets • Thrombolytics
Cardiovascular system (C)	Antiarrhythmics • Antihypertensives • Diuretics • Vasodilators • Antianginals • Beta blockers • Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors • Antihyperlipidemics
Skin (D)	Emollients - Antipruritics
Reproductive system (G)	Hormonal contraception • Fertility agents • Selective estrogen receptor modulators • Sex hormones
Endocrine system (H)	Anti-diabetics • Corticosteroids • Sex hormones • Thyroid hormones
Infections and Infestations (J, P)	Antibiotics • Antivirals • Vaccines • Antifungals • Antiprotozoals • Anthelmintics
Malignant and Immune disease (L)	Anticancer agents • Immunostimulators • Immunosuppressants
Muscles, Bones, and Joints (M)	Anabolic steroids • Anti-inflammatories • Antirheumatics • Corticosteroids • Muscle relaxants
Brain and Nervous system (N)	Anesthetics • Analgesics • Anticonvulsants • Mood stabilizers  • Anxiolytics • Antipsychotics • Antidepressants • Nervous system stimulants • Sedatives
Respiratory system (R)	Bronchodilators • Decongestants  • H1 antagonists

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