Paralympic_games

Silver 2004

The Paralympic Games are a multi-sport event for athletes with physical, mental and sensorial disabilities. This includes mobility disabilities, amputees, visual disabilities and those with cerebral palsy. The Paralympic Games are held every four years, following the Olympic Games, and are governed by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC). (The Paralympic Games are sometimes confused with the Special Olympics World Games, which are only for people with intellectual disabilities.)

The name derives from the Greek "para" ("beside" or "alongside") and thus refers to a competition held in parallel with the Olympic Games. No relation with paralysis or paraplegia is intended, however, the word Paralympic was originally a portmanteau combining \'paraplegic\' and \'Olympic\'. [1]

History

Sir Ludwig Guttmann organized a sports competition in 1948 which became known as the Stoke Mandeville Games, involving World War II veterans with spinal cord injuries; in 1952 competitors from the Netherlands took part in the competition, giving an international notion to the movement. The first Olympic-style games for athletes with a disability were held in Rome in 1960; officially called the 9th Annual International Stoke Mandeville Games, these are considered to be the first Paralympic Games. [2] The first Winter Paralympics were held in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden in 1976. [3]

Since 1988, the Summer Paralympics have been held in conjunction with the Olympic Games in the same host city. This practice was adopted in 1992 for the Winter Paralympics, and became an official policy of the International Olympic Committee and the IPC following a June 19, 2001 agreement. The Games take place three weeks after the closing of the Olympics, in the same host city and using the same facilities. Cities bidding to host the Olympic Games must include the Paralympic Games in their bid, and typically both Games are now run by a single organizing committee.

In the 1996 Atlanta Games athletes with intellectual disabilities were allowed to participate for the first time.

Cheating controversies

Main article: Cheating at the Paralympic Games

The Paralympic Games have seen damaging scandals regarding cheating in the events. After the 2000 Sydney Games, in which non-disabled athletes were entered in the Spanish Basketball ID team [4], athletes with intellectual difficulties were suspended indefinitely by the IPC [5]. The IPC has stated that it will re-evaluate their participation following the Beijing 2008 Paralympic Games.[6]

Summer Games

	Summer Paralympic Games
Year	Games	Host City	Country
1960 Summer Paralympics	I	Rome	Italy
1964 Summer Paralympics	II	Tokyo	Japan
1968 Summer Paralympics	III	Tel Aviv	Israel
1972 Summer Paralympics	IV	Heidelberg	West Germany
1976 Summer Paralympics	V	Toronto	Canada
1980 Summer Paralympics	VI	Arnhem	Netherlands
1984 Summer Paralympics	VII	Stoke Mandeville New York	United Kingdom United States
1988 Summer Paralympics	VIII	Seoul	South Korea
1992 Summer Paralympics	IX	Barcelona	Spain
1996 Summer Paralympics	X	Atlanta	United States
2000 Summer Paralympics	XI	Sydney	Australia
2004 Summer Paralympics	XII	Athens	Greece
2008 Summer Paralympics	XIII	Beijing	China
2012 Summer Paralympics	XIV	London	United Kingdom

Summer sports

The following sports are currently on the Summer Paralympic Games programme:

• Archery
• Athletics (track and field)
• Boccia
• Cycling
• Equestrian
• Football 5-a-side
• Football 7-a-side
• Goalball
• Judo
• Powerlifting
• Rowing
• Sailing
• Shooting
• Swimming
• Table Tennis
• Volleyball (sitting)
• Wheelchair basketball
• Wheelchair fencing
• Wheelchair rugby
• Wheelchair tennis

These sports will be part of the 2008 Paralympic Games in Beijing, China.

The following sports are not included in the Summer Paralympic Games programme, but are governed by the IPC:

• Bowls
• Wheelchair dance sport

Winter Games

	Winter Paralympic Games
Year	Games	Host City	Country
1976 Winter Paralympics	I	Örnsköldsvik	Sweden
1980 Winter Paralympics	II	Geilo	Norway
1984 Winter Paralympics	III	Innsbruck	Austria
1988 Winter Paralympics	IV	Innsbruck	Austria
1992 Winter Paralympics	V	Albertville	France
1994 Winter Paralympics	VI	Lillehammer	Norway
1998 Winter Paralympics	VII	Nagano	Japan
2002 Winter Paralympics	VIII	Salt Lake City	United States
2006 Winter Paralympics	IX	Turin	Italy
2010 Winter Paralympics	X	Vancouver	Canada
2014 Winter Paralympics	XI	Sochi	Russia

Main article: Paralympic sports

Winter sports

The following sports are on the current Winter Paralympic Games programme:

• Alpine skiing
• Ice sledge hockey
• Nordic skiing
  • Biathlon
  • Cross-country skiing
• Wheelchair curling

Disability categories

• Amputee: Athletes with a partial or total loss of at least one limb.
• Cerebral Palsy: Athletes with non-progressive brain damage, for example cerebral palsy, traumatic brain injury, stroke or similar disabilities affecting muscle control, balance or coordination.
• Intellectual Disability: Athletes with a significant impairment in intellectual functioning and associated limitations in adaptive behaviour. (This category is currently suspended.)
• Wheelchair: Athletes with spinal cord injuries and other disabilities which require them to compete in a wheelchair.
• Visually Impaired: Athletes with vision impairment ranging from partial vision, sufficient to be judged legally blind, to total blindness.
• Les Autres: Athletes with a physical disability that does not fall strictly under one of the other five categories, such as dwarfism, multiple sclerosis or congenital deformities of the limbs such as that caused by thalidomide. (The name for this category comes from the French for the others.)

These categories apply to both summer and winter Paralympics.

Notes

The IPC has set up national Paralympic Games for competitions organized under the national Paralympic Committees.

External links

• Official Canadian Website
• Official IPC Website
• IMNO Interviews Curt Brinkman Five-time Paralympic Gold Medallist
• CBC Digital Archives - Playing to Win: Canada at the Paralympics

See also

• Deaflympics
• Disabled sports
• Special Olympics
• Extremity Games

References

• International Paralympic Committee
• Australian Paralympic Committee - Classification System

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